
The South African Federation of Trade Unions (SAFTU) expresses deep concern at the continued decline of South Africa’s manufacturing sector, as confirmed by the latest official data from Statistics South Africa. This decline is not isolated — it reflects a systemic economic crisis rooted in neoliberal policies, falling investment levels, and an extractive economic structure that has never been dismantled.
Manufacturing Collapse Confirmed by Stats SA
The Stats SA report released on 8 May 2025 (Manufacturing: Production and Sales, March 2025) reveals the following:
- Manufacturing output contracted by 0.8% year-on-year
- This follows a 3.2% decline in February 2025
- Seasonally adjusted output declined by 2.2% month-on-month
Key sub-sectors recorded further contraction:
- Petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic: -3.9%
- Food and beverages: -2.4%
- Motor vehicles and transport equipment: -7.0%
This confirms a long-term trend of deindustrialisation. Since 1994, manufacturing’s share of GDP has declined from 22% to just over 11%, and capacity utilisation has dropped from 82% to around 65%

Neo-Colonial Trade Dependency: A Structural Crisis
South Africa remains trapped in an economic structure where it exports raw materials and imports finished goods. Today, China is South Africa’s largest trading partner — yet our relationship is structurally unequal.
According to the South African Revenue Service and Department of Trade, Industry and Competition:
- South Africa exports raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and manganese to China
- South Africa imports finished goods — electronics, textiles, vehicles — from China
- This results in a persistent trade deficit
(Source: SARS Monthly Trade Statistics, 2023; dtic Annual Trade Report)
Investment Strike: Declining Public and Private Investment
South Africa is facing an investment crisis. According to the World Bank and CEIC Data:
- Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation was 14.93% of GDP in 2023 (down from 20% in early 2000s)
- Private sector investment was 12.37% of GDP
- Public sector investment was just 2.56% of GDP
These figures confirm that both the state and private capital have retreated from investing in the productive economy.

Without aluminium and steel factored in, the deindustrialisation rates would be far worse. And unless state policy changes, we can anticipate even worse bouts of deindustrialisation, because of the steel industry’s crisis. Already the crash of steel output from a peak of nine million tones/year to around four million tones, has required an ongoing bailout of ArcelorMittal foundries that were due to close mainly because of Chinese ‘dumping’ – for which the SA International Trade Administration Commission has imposed tariffs. There are new Chinese steel foundries in Zimbabwe (Chivhu and Beitbridge) which will put added pressure on this vital industry.
But three additional problems loom. First, U.S. President Donald Trump imposed an overall 25% tariff on imports of steel and aluminium in February. Given the extreme animosity to South Africa from Trump and a new group of paleo-conservative imperialist powerbrokers in Washington, due to our government’s (correct) labeling of Israel as genocidal and pursuit of affirmative action and land reform, we may anticipate far worse to come. There will likely be no renewal of the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and intensified punitive tariffs on all exports are certain once the 90-day pause on South Africa’s 32% tariff penalty is lifted in July.
Second, in early 2026, we can anticipate the European Union’s climate sanctions (the ‘Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism’ reflecting the 200x difference in carbon taxes between the EU and South Africa), to penalise our steel and aluminium exports, as well.
Thirdly, as it stands, Trump’s 145% tariff penalties against imports from China will, in turn, lead that country’s exporters to more aggressively sell exports – often at below the cost of production (the definition of dumping) – into global markets, including South Africa’s.
These new factors mean South African government officials responsible for manufacturing should immediately find ways to save our industries, and ideally through decreasing our economy’s dependency upon exports, and instead promote more means of expanding demand locally (through strategic subsidies) and in the rest of Africa. But this will no doubt stretch beyond the limits of what capitalist markets will achieve on their own, so SAFTU strongly recommends nationalisation so that the broader public economic, social and environmental interests replace the current logic of profit-seeking, which is responsible for the industrial crisis.
Operation Vulindlela Two: Reinforcing the Neoliberal Trajectory
On 7 May 2025, President Cyril Ramaphosa launched Phase Two of Operation Vulindlela — a so-called structural reform package. SAFTU rejects this initiative as a deepening of the same failed neoliberal trajectory that has produced austerity, deindustrialisation, and inequality.
Operation Vulindlela is not a rupture but a reinforcement of policies that:
– Promote privatisation of infrastructure, energy and logistics
– Shift investment responsibilities from the public to the private sector
– Invite private capital to lead public service delivery through concessions and market mechanisms
The government is attempting to frame Operation Vulindlela II as a ‘modernisation’ strategy — but in reality, it reflects ongoing submission to IMF, World Bank, and credit ratings agency agendas. It seeks to reassure global finance by opening critical public sectors to private profit and shifting the risk of investment to the public sector whilst the profits remain privatised.
SAFTU warns that this path will further erode public capacity, deepen inequality, and lock South Africa into underdevelopment. True transformation cannot be outsourced to private capital. It must be driven by a democratic state in the public interest.
SAFTU’s Demands: A New Economic Path for Working People
SAFTU demands:
- A R1 trillion public investment drive into infrastructure, housing, public transport, energy, and education
- Public ownership of strategic minerals with democratic oversight to fund reindustrialisation
- A public-led just transition to renewables with no job losses
- Recapitalise Eskom and Transnet under accountable public control
- Reverse the wage and hiring freeze in the public sector — fill vacancies in health, education, policing
- Expand public procurement and industrial policy to support local manufacturing
- Shift the tax burden from the poor to the rich — wealth taxes, capital gains reform, and tax justice enforcement
Conclusion: End the Paralysis — Invest in People, Production and Public Services
South Africa cannot overcome its crisis through austerity or corporate appeasement. Both the private and public sectors have withdrawn from investment. The time has come for a bold shift to a developmental state that leads investment, re-industrialises the economy, and places public goods over private profits. Power concedes nothing without a struggle — the working class must mobilise for a new economic future.
A Statement was issued on behalf of SAFTU by General Secretary Zwelinzima Vavi.
For more details, contact the National Spokesperson at:
Newton Masuku
066 168 2157
Newtonm@saftu.org.za